Trying to reproduce… is the repository configured in any non-standard way? Or is it simply cvmfs_server mkfs ...? I guess it is also a standard CentOS 7?
I wasn’t able to reproduce what you see but I do notice that client and server have different versions. Could you update them both to version 2.9.4 (you can also wait for a few more days and update both to version 2.10). If that doesn’t help, could you paste the output of cat /proc/mounts and uname -a. It may be an overlayfs related issue.
It would be useful to also have the cat /proc/mounts entries from the file system hosting /var/spool/cvmfs. Overlayfs is sensitive to the exact file system settings of its layers. For XFS, it is important that the file system is create with ftype=1 option, which you can check by